Replacing a failing physical processor

ABSTRACT

Replacing a failing physical processor in a computer supporting multiple logical partitions, where the logical partitions include dedicated partitions and shared processor partitions, the dedicated partitions are supported by virtual processors having assigned physical processors, and the shared processor partitions are supported by pools of virtual processors. The pools of virtual processors have assigned physical processors. Embodiments operate generally by assigning priorities to the dedicated partitions and to the pools of virtual processors; detecting a checkstop of a failing physical processor; retrieving the failing physical processor&#39;s state; replacing by a hypervisor the failing physical processor with a replacement physical processor assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, which dedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the priorities of the dedicated partitions and pools; and assigning the retrieved state of the failing physical processor as the state of the replacement physical processor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of and claims priorityfrom U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,709 filed on Sep. 30, 2005.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The field of the invention is data processing, or, more specifically,methods, apparatus, and products for replacing a failing physicalprocessor in a computer supporting multiple logical partitions.

2. Description of Related Art

The development of the EDVAC computer system of 1948 is often cited asthe beginning of the computer era. Since that time, computer systemshave evolved into extremely complicated devices. Today's computers aremuch more sophisticated than early systems such as the EDVAC. Computersystems typically include a combination of hardware and softwarecomponents, application programs, operating systems, processors, buses,memory, input/output devices, and so on. As advances in semiconductorprocessing and computer architecture push the performance of thecomputer higher and higher, more sophisticated computer software hasevolved to take advantage of the higher performance of the hardware,resulting in computer systems today that are much more powerful thanjust a few years ago.

One area in which advances have been made is in parallel processing ofmany threads of execution in partitions assigned their own resources andrunning separate operating systems. The shift in computer hardware andsoftware to a highly parallel, logically partitioned model has providedopportunities for high system availability that were practicallynonexistent just a few years ago. One mechanism for maintaining highavailability permits dynamic runtime replacement of a processorpredicted to fail with an unused processor provided the failing physicalprocessor can continue to function long enough to complete thereplacement process. Another mechanism for high availability maintainscomplete processor state information such that, even in the event of acatastrophic processor failure (e.g., a checkstop), the work a processoris performing can continue on a replacement physical processor. Theimportance of a replacement physical processor in these recoverymechanisms is readily apparent. It is clear where to acquire thesereplacements if unused processors are available. Unused processors,however, are generally wasteful and expensive and, as a consequence, arerare on most systems. When a processor checkstops and no unusedprocessors are available a system has two choices: it can terminate thepartition or pool to which the failing processor is assigned or theunderlying hypervisor can run the partition or pool of virtualprocessors to which the failed processor is assigned as though thepartition or pool has more processors than are physically available.Both these cases are undesirable; in the former the partition is dead,and in the latter, the partition is not running at desired performancelevels. Certainly, some partition on the system must suffer if autilized processor checkstops, but letting chance select the partitionto suffer based on a random failing physical processor is not an optimalprocedure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Methods, apparatus, and products are disclosed for replacing a failingphysical processor in a computer supporting multiple logical partitions,where the logical partitions include dedicated partitions and sharedprocessor partitions, the dedicated partitions are supported by virtualprocessors having assigned physical processors, and the shared processorpartitions are supported by pools of virtual processors. The pools ofvirtual processors have assigned physical processors. The methods,apparatus, and products operate generally by assigning priorities to thededicated partitions and to the pools of virtual processors; detecting acheckstop of a failing physical processor; retrieving the failingphysical processor's state; replacing by a hypervisor the failingphysical processor with a replacement physical processor assigned to adedicated partition or pool, which dedicated partition or pool has thelowest priority among the priorities of the dedicated partitions andpools; and assigning the retrieved state of the failing physicalprocessor as the state of the replacement physical processor.

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following more particulardescriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers generallyrepresent like parts of exemplary embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinerycomprising an exemplary computer useful in replacing a failing physicalprocessor according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 sets forth a functional block diagram of an exemplary system forreplacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method forreplacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further exemplary methodfor replacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

FIG. 5 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further exemplary methodfor replacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

FIG. 6 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further exemplary methodfor replacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

FIG. 7 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further exemplary methodfor replacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Exemplary methods, apparatus, and products for replacing a failingphysical processor according to embodiments of the present invention aredescribed with reference to the accompanying drawings, beginning withFIG. 1. Replacing a failing physical processor according to embodimentsof the present invention is implemented in computers, that is, inautomated computing machinery. For further explanation, therefore, FIG.1 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery comprisingan exemplary computer (152) useful in replacing a failing physicalprocessor according to embodiments of the present invention. Thecomputer (152) of FIG. 1 includes a number of physical processors (156)as well as random access memory (168) (‘RAM’) which is connected througha system bus (160) to the physical processors (156) and to othercomponents of the computer.

Stored in RAM (168) are two application programs (158, 210), computerprogram instructions for user-level data processing. Each applicationprogram may run in a separate logical partition. Also stored in RAM(168) are two logical partitions (104, 208), each which has its ownoperating system (154, 206). The depiction of two partitions here isarbitrary, merely for explanation that typical systems for replacingfailing processors according to embodiments of the present inventioncontain more than one such partition. A logical partition is a subset ofthe resources of a computer organized and operated as a separate‘virtual’ computer. Each logical partition operates independently ofother logical partitions on the same computer. Each logical partitionruns its own operating system and its own application programs, and eachlogical partition is assigned all the resources it needs to operate asthough it were an independent computer, including processor capacity,memory, and I/O resources. Logical partitions may be implemented asdedicated partitions, supported by virtual processors having assignedphysical processors. Logical partitions also may be implemented asshared processor partition, supported by pools of virtual processorswhere each pool has assigned physical processors. Logical partitions arereferred to in this specification as ‘logical partitions,’ ‘partitions,’or ‘LPARs.’

Also stored in RAM (168) are several virtual processors (122, 202, 204),data structures and computer program instructions representingassignments of physical processor resources to logical partitions.Unpooled virtual processor (122) typically will have a physicalprocessor assigned to logical partition directly through the virtualprocessor, while pooled virtual processors (202, 204) representprocessing capacity of physical processors assigned to a pool (153).

Stored in RAM (168) is a hypervisor (184), computer program instructionsfor managing logical partitions (‘LPARs’). The hypervisor (184)administers the assignment of physical resources such as memory andprocessing resources to LPARs, controls the physical memory locationsthat can be accessed from within an LPAR, and controls access to I/Omemory space. In addition, the hypervisor (184) schedules virtualprocessors on physical processors and administers the assignment ofvirtual processors to LPARs. The hypervisor (184) in this example isimproved for replacing a failing physical processor in a computersupporting multiple logical partitions according to embodiments of thepresent invention by assigning priorities to dedicated partitions and topools of virtual processors, detecting a checkstop of a failing physicalprocessor, retrieving the failing physical processor's state, replacingthe failing physical processor with a replacement physical processorassigned to the dedicated partition or pool that has the lowestpriority, and assigning the retrieved state of the failing physicalprocessor as the state of the replacement physical processor.

Also stored in RAM (168), internal to logical processors (104, 208) areoperating systems (154, 206). Operating systems useful in logicalpartitions of computers that replace failing processors according toembodiments of the present invention include UNIX™, Linux™, MicrosoftXP™, AIX™, IBM's i5/OS™, and others as will occur to those of skill inthe art. Hypervisor (184), virtual processors (122, 202, 204), operatingsystems (154, 206), LPARs (104, 208) and application programs (158, 210)in the example of FIG. 1 are shown in RAM (168), but many components ofsuch software typically are stored in non-volatile memory (166) also.

Computer (152) of FIG. 1 includes non-volatile computer memory (166)coupled through a system bus (160) to the physical processors (156) andto other components of the computer (152). Non-volatile computer memory(166) may be implemented as a hard disk drive (170), optical disk drive(172), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory space(so-called ‘EEPROM’ or ‘Flash’ memory) (174), RAM drives (not shown), oras any other kind of computer memory as will occur to those of skill inthe art.

The example computer of FIG. 1 includes one or more input/outputinterface adapters (178). Input/output interface adapters in computersimplement user-oriented input/output through, for example, softwaredrivers and computer hardware for controlling output to display devices(180) such as computer display screens, as well as user input from userinput devices (181) such as keyboards and mice.

The exemplary computer (152) of FIG. 1 includes a communications adapter(167) for implementing data communications (184) with other computers(182). Such data communications may be carried out serially throughRS-232 connections, through external buses such as USB, through datacommunications networks such as IP networks, and in other ways as willoccur to those of skill in the art. Communications adapters implementthe hardware level of data communications through which one computersends data communications to another computer, directly or through anetwork. Examples of communications adapters useful for determiningavailability of a destination according to embodiments of the presentinvention include modems for wired dial-up communications, Ethernet(IEEE 802.3) adapters for wired network communications, and 802.11badapters for wireless network communications.

FIG. 2 sets forth a function block diagram of an exemplary system forreplacing a failing physical processor according to embodiments of thepresent invention. The system of FIG. 2 includes a hypervisor (184), alayer of system software that manages LPARs. The hypervisor (184) inthis example is improved for replacing a failing physical processor in acomputer supporting multiple logical partitions according to embodimentsof the present invention by assigning priorities to dedicated partitionsand to pools of virtual processors, detecting a checkstop of a failingphysical processor, retrieving the failing physical processor's state,replacing the failing physical processor with a replacement physicalprocessor assigned to the dedicated partition or pool that has thelowest priority, and assigning the retrieved state of the failingphysical processor as the state of the replacement physical processor.

FIG. 2 also includes LPARs (103, 104, 105). Each LPAR (103, 104, 105)has an operating system (154, 155, 157) running in it, and eachoperating system may be different. A system with three LPARs, forexample, may simultaneously run Linux™ in one LPAR, IBM's AIX™ inanother LPAR, and IBM's i5/OS in another LPAR.

FIG. 2 also includes multiple physical processors (156, 158, 160, 162,164, 166, 168). Physical processors (156, 158) are assigned exclusivelyto LPAR (103) through virtual processors (121, 123). An LPAR to whichone or more physical processors are so exclusively dedicated is referredto in this specification as a ‘dedicated partition’ or a ‘dedicatedLPAR.’

Physical processors (160, 162, 164, 166, 168) in this example areassigned to pool (153), so that the processing capacity of physicalprocessors (160, 162, 164, 166, 168) is shared by LPARs (104, 105)through the virtual processors (124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134) of pool(153). LPARs (104, 105) share physical processors indirectly throughpooled virtual processors, each of which represents all or part of theprocessing capacity of a physical processor assigned by a hypervisor(184) to each such LPAR (104, 105). Such an LPAR, that indirectly sharesphysical processors through pooled virtual processors, is referred to inthis specification as a ‘shared processor partition’ or a ‘sharedprocessor LPAR.’

In the example of FIG. 2, arrows drawn among the physical processors,virtual processors, the pool, and the LPARs represent processingcapacity assigned to LPARs, virtual processors, and the pool. Physicalprocessors may only be assigned as one whole processor, denoted by ‘1.0’in each arrow linking a physical processor to a virtual processor (121,123) or to the pool (153). The virtual processors (121, 123) assigned toa dedicated LPAR (103) each represents the processing capacity of 1.0physical processors. All the processing capacity of the five physicalprocessors (160, 162, 164, 166, 168) is assigned to shared processorLPARs (104, 105) through pool (153), with the processing capacity of3.75 physical processors assigned to LPAR (104) and the processingcapacity of 1.25 processors assigned to LPAR (105).

The number, arrangement, and assignments of physical processors, virtualprocessors, LPARs, and the pool of virtual processors in the system ofFIG. 2 are for explanation only; they are not a limitation of thepresent invention. A system for replacing a failing physical processorin a computer supporting multiple logical partitions may include anynumber, arrangement, or assignment of physical processors, virtualprocessors, LPARs, and pools of virtual processors as may occur to thoseof skill in the art.

For further explanation, FIG. 3 sets forth a flow chart illustrating anexemplary method for replacing a failing physical processor according toembodiments of the present invention. The method of FIG. 3 is carriedout in a computer supporting multiple logical partitions (103, 104,105). The logical partitions include a dedicated partition (103) andshared processor partitions (104, 105). The dedicated partition issupported by a virtual processor (121) having an assigned physicalprocessor (156). The shared processor partitions are supported by a pool(153) of virtual processors (123, 124), and the pool has assignedphysical processors (160, 162).

The method of FIG. 3 includes assigning (304) priorities (310) to thededicated partition (103) (priority=1) and to the pool (153)(priority=2). The priority assignments are ordinal integers with thesmallest integer representing the highest priority; 1 is a higherpriority than 2, 2 is a higher priority than 3, and so on.

Assigning priorities to partitions may be carried out by use of aconsole (not shown). Each logical partition may have a console attachedto it through which each logical partition looks and functions like anindependent computer system. The console allows a user or systemadministrator to enter commands and view the operation of a logicalpartition. A ‘primary’ partition console allows users and administratorsto see and manage aspects of all secondary partitions. A ‘secondary’partition console allows users or administrators access only to itsattached partition.

From such a primary console, secondary partitions are created andmanaged, including assigning resources such as processors, virtualprocessors, memory, I/O resources, and so on. Management functions forsecondary partitions include power up and power down operations as wellas initial program loads. In addition to creating and managing secondarypartitions, operations through such a primary partition console can alsoinclude establishing pools of virtual processors and assigningpriorities to the secondary partitions that are dedicated partitions aswell as assigning priorities to the pools of virtual processors.Assigning priorities to partitions also may include monitoring the dataprocessing loads on the partitions and assigning priorities according tothe loads, the priority increasing with the load, for example.Alternatively, assigning priorities to partitions may include obtainingpriorities from users, monitoring the loads on partitions, and assigningthe priorities based upon the loads and comments from users.

The method of FIG. 3 also includes detecting (312) a checkstop of afailing physical processor (156). A ‘checkstop,’ as the term is used inthis specification, is an operating error of a processor sufficientlysevere, either by itself or in combination with other errors, to warrantreplacement of the processor. Physical processors typically signalprocessor operating errors with vectored hardware interrupts. Detectinga checkstop may be carried out by vectoring interrupts from processoroperating errors of physical processors to an interrupt handling routineof a hypervisor. Any error condition from a physical processor mayconstitute or cause a checkstop including, for example, memory boundaryerrors, opcode errors, coprocessor segment errors, memory addresserrors, arithmetic or floating point errors, memory alignment errors,machine check exceptions, and so on, as will occur to those of skill inthe art. Detecting a checkstop may include defining particular errors asindividually sufficient to warrant replacement of a processor.Alternatively, detecting a checkstop may include keeping a count ofprocessor operating errors and identifying a checkstop as occurring whenthe count reaches a predefined threshold.

The method of FIG. 3 also includes retrieving (314) the failing physicalprocessor's state (316). Retrieving (314) the failing physicalprocessor's state (316) may be carried out by a hypervisor's reading thecurrent values of the registers of the processor directly from theprocessor and storing the values of the registers of the processortemporarily in random access memory outside the physical processor. Themethod of FIG. 3 also includes replacing (318) by a hypervisor (184) thefailing physical processor (156) with a replacement physical processor(160) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, which dedicatedpartition or pool has the lowest priority among the priorities of thededicated partitions and pools. In the example of FIG. 3, thereplacement processor (160) is assigned to pool (153), which haspriority=2. Dedicated partition (103) has priority=1. Pool (153)therefore is the dedicated partition or pool with the lowest priorityamong the priorities of the dedicated partitions and pools of theexample of FIG. 3, and a replacement processor is therefore taken fromamong the physical processors assigned to pool (153). There are twophysical processors (160, 162) assigned to pool (153), and either ofthem may be taken as the replacement processor. In this example,processor (160) is selected as the replacement processor.

In the example of FIG. 3, processor (156) is a failing physicalprocessor assigned to dedicated LPAR (103) through virtual processor(121). In this example, replacing the failing physical processor iscarried out by reassigning (320) replacement processor (160) from pool(153) to virtual processor (121). The replacement of the failingprocessor is carried out by the hypervisor completely transparently topartition (103). An operating system of partition (103) that dispatchesthreads of execution on virtual processor (121) continues to dispatchthreads of execution on virtual processor (121) with no knowledge of thefact that physical processor (156) failed and was replaced by physicalprocessor (160).

The method of FIG. 3 also includes assigning (319) the retrieved state(316) of the failing physical processor (156) as the state of thereplacement physical processor (160). The retrieved state of the failingphysical processor is composed of the values of the registers of thefailing physical processor when the checkstop of the failing processorwas detected by the hypervisor. Assigning (319) the retrieved state(316) of the failing physical processor (156) as the state of thereplacement physical processor (160) may be carried out by storing theretrieved state (316) in the registers of the replacement physicalprocessor (160).

For further explanation, FIG. 4 sets forth a flow chart illustrating afurther exemplary method for replacing a failing physical processoraccording to embodiments of the present invention. Like the method ofFIG. 3, the method of FIG. 4 is carried out in a computer supportingmultiple logical partitions (103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108). The logicalpartitions include dedicated partitions (103, 104) and shared processorpartitions (105, 106, 107, 108). The dedicated partitions are supportedby virtual processors (121, 123, 125, 127) each of which has an assignedphysical processor (156, 157, 158, 159). The shared processor partitionsare supported by pools (404, 408) of virtual processors (124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134), and the pools have assigned physical processors, withphysical processors (160, 162, 164) assigned to pool (404) and physicalprocessor (166) assigned to pool (408). The method of FIG. 4 is similaralso to the method of FIG. 3 in that the method of FIG. 4 includesassigning (304) priorities to dedicated partitions and to pools ofvirtual processors, detecting (312) a checkstop of a failing physicalprocessor of a partition, retrieving (314) the failing physicalprocessor's state, and assigning (319) the retrieved state of thefailing physical processor as the state of the replacement physicalprocessor—all of which operate in a manner similar to the method of FIG.3 as described above.

The method of FIG. 4 also includes replacing (318) by a hypervisor (184)the failing physical processor (156) with a replacement physicalprocessor (159) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, whichdedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the prioritiesof the dedicated partitions and pools. In the example of FIG. 4,however, dedicated partition (103) has priority=1; dedicated partition(104) has priority=4; pool (404) has priority=2; and pool (408) haspriority=3. Dedicated partition (104) therefore is the dedicatedpartition or pool having the lowest priority among the priorities of thededicated partitions and pools, and it is therefore from the physicalprocessors assigned to virtual processors of dedicated partition (104)that a replacement processor is to be taken, in this example,replacement processor (159).

In the method of FIG. 4, where the dedicated partition or pool havingthe lowest priority is dedicated partition (104), replacing (318) thefailing physical processor (156) with a replacement physical processor(159) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool having the lowestpriority includes terminating (402) the dedicated partition having thelowest priority, that is, terminating dedicated partition (104).Terminating dedicated partition (104) may be carried out by halting anyapplication programs running on the partition (104), halting theoperating system running on the partition (104), and powering downpartition (104) by hypervisor (184).

For further explanation, FIG. 5 sets forth a flow chart illustrating afurther exemplary method for replacing a failing physical processoraccording to embodiments of the present invention. Like the method ofFIG. 3, the method of FIG. 5 is carried out in a computer supportingmultiple logical partitions (103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108). The logicalpartitions include dedicated partitions (103, 104) and shared processorpartitions (105, 106, 107, 108). The dedicated partitions are supportedby virtual processors (121, 123, 125, 127) each of which has an assignedphysical processor (156, 157, 158, 159). The shared processor partitionsare supported by pools (404, 408) of virtual processors (124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134), and the pools have assigned physical processors, withphysical processors (160, 162, 164) assigned to pool (404) and physicalprocessor (166) assigned to pool (408). The method of FIG. 5 is similaralso to the method of FIG. 3 in that the method of FIG. 5 includesassigning (304) priorities to dedicated partitions and to pools ofvirtual processors, detecting (312) a checkstop of a failing physicalprocessor of a partition, retrieving (314) the failing physicalprocessor's state, and assigning (319) the retrieved state of thefailing physical processor as the state of the replacement physicalprocessor—all of which operate in a manner similar to the method of FIG.3 as described above.

The method of FIG. 5 also includes replacing (318) by a hypervisor (184)the failing physical processor (166) with a replacement physicalprocessor (159) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, whichdedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the prioritiesof the dedicated partitions and pools. In the example of FIG. 5,however, dedicated partition (103) has priority=1; dedicated partition(104) has priority=4; pool (404) has priority=2; and pool (408) haspriority=3. Dedicated partition (104) therefore is the dedicatedpartition or pool having the lowest priority among the priorities of thededicated partitions and pools, and it is therefore from the physicalprocessors assigned to virtual processors of dedicated partition (104)that a replacement processor is to be taken, in this example,replacement processor (159).

In the method of FIG. 5, where the dedicated partition or pool havingthe lowest priority is dedicated partition (104), replacing (318) thefailing physical processor (166) with a replacement physical processor(159) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool having the lowestpriority includes running (502) the dedicated partition having thelowest priority overcommitted, that is, running dedicated partition(104) overcommitted.

Running a dedicated partition overcommitted means that the processingcapacity represented by virtual processors supporting the partition isgreater than the number of physical processors assigned to provide thatcapacity. Hypervisor (184) runs a dedicated partition overcommitted byreducing proportionately the amount of time in which each virtualprocessor is dispatched. When dedicated partition (104) is runovercommitted, instead of dispatching the two virtual processors (125,127) into all the processor time available on two physical processors(158, 159), hypervisor (184) now may dispatch two virtual processorsonto only one physical processor, meaning that each virtual processorwill appear to the operating system in partition (104) to be running atabout half speed. When running overcommitted, therefore, dedicatedpartition (104) will not reach the performance indicated by the amountof processing capacity nominally represented by the virtual processorssupporting the partition; the operating system and application programsin the dedicated partition will run with degraded performance. Theoperating system and application programs in the partition runningovercommitted will, however, continue to run, which in manycircumstances is preferable to termination.

For further explanation, FIG. 6 sets forth a flow chart illustrating afurther exemplary method for replacing a failing physical processoraccording to embodiments of the present invention. Like the method ofFIG. 3, the method of FIG. 6 is carried out in a computer supportingmultiple logical partitions (103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108). The logicalpartitions include dedicated partitions (103, 104) and shared processorpartitions (105, 106, 107, 108). The dedicated partitions are supportedby virtual processors (121, 123, 125, 127) each of which has an assignedphysical processor (156, 157, 158, 159). The shared processor partitionsare supported by pools (404, 408) of virtual processors (124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134), and the pools have assigned physical processors, withphysical processors (160, 162, 164) assigned to pool (404) and physicalprocessor (166) assigned to pool (408). The method of FIG. 6 is similaralso to the method of FIG. 3 in that the method of FIG. 6 includesassigning (304) priorities to dedicated partitions and to pools ofvirtual processors, detecting (312) a checkstop of a failing physicalprocessor of a partition, retrieving (314) the failing physicalprocessor's state, and assigning (319) the retrieved state of thefailing physical processor as the state of the replacement physicalprocessor—all of which operate in a manner similar to the method of FIG.3 as described above.

The method of FIG. 6 also includes replacing (318) by a hypervisor (184)the failing physical processor (156) with a replacement physicalprocessor (166) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, whichdedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the prioritiesof the dedicated partitions and pools. In the example of FIG. 6,however, dedicated partition (103) has priority=1; dedicated partition(104) has priority=2; pool (404) has priority=3; and pool (408) haspriority=4. Pool (408) therefore is the dedicated partition or poolhaving the lowest priority among the priorities of the dedicatedpartitions and pools, and it is therefore from the physical processorsassigned to pool (408) that a replacement processor is to be taken. Inthis example, the only processor assigned to pool (408) is physicalprocessor (166), and processor (166) is therefore taken as thereplacement processor in this example.

In the method of FIG. 6, where the dedicated partition or pool havingthe lowest priority is pool (408), replacing (318) the failing physicalprocessor (156) with a replacement physical processor (166) assigned toa dedicated partition or pool having the lowest priority includesterminating (602) the pool having the lowest priority, that is,terminating pool (408). Terminating pool (408) may be carried out byhalting any application programs running on shared processor partitions(107, 108) supported by virtual processors of pool (408), halting theoperating systems running in partitions (107, 108) supported by pool(408), and powering down by hypervisor (184) partitions (107, 108)supported by pool (408).

In the method of FIG. 6, where replacing (318) the failing physicalprocessor (156) with a replacement physical processor (166) includesterminating (602) the pool having the lowest priority, that is,terminating pool (408), pool (408) has only one assigned physicalprocessor, processor (166). In this particular example, configured forclarity of explanation, using the only physical processor assigned tothe pool as a replacement processor necessarily requires terminatingpool (408). That the pool with lowest priority has only one assignedphysical processor, however, is an example for explanation only and nota limitation of the present invention. The pool having lowest prioritymay have one of its physical processors taken as a replacement processorin the method of FIG. 6, and the method still includes terminating thelowest priority pool, regardless of the number of physical processorsassigned to the lowest priority pool.

For further explanation, FIG. 7 sets forth a flow chart illustrating afurther exemplary method for replacing a failing physical processoraccording to embodiments of the present invention. Like the method ofFIG. 3, the method of FIG. 7 is carried out in a computer supportingmultiple logical partitions (103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108). The logicalpartitions include dedicated partitions (103, 104) and shared processorpartitions (105, 106, 107, 108). The dedicated partitions are supportedby virtual processors (121, 123, 125, 127) each of which has an assignedphysical processor (156, 157, 158, 159). The shared processor partitionsare supported by pools (404, 408) of virtual processors (124, 126, 128,130, 132, 134), and the pools have assigned physical processors, withphysical processors (160, 162, 164) assigned to pool (404) and physicalprocessor (166) assigned to pool (408). The method of FIG. 7 is similaralso to the method of FIG. 3 in that the method of FIG. 7 includesassigning (304) priorities to dedicated partitions and to pools ofvirtual processors, detecting (312) a checkstop of a failing physicalprocessor of a partition, retrieving (314) the failing physicalprocessor's state, and assigning (319) the retrieved state of thefailing physical processor as the state of the replacement physicalprocessor—all of which operate in a manner similar to the method of FIG.3 as described above.

The method of FIG. 7 also includes replacing (318) by a hypervisor (184)the failing physical processor (156) with a replacement physicalprocessor (160) assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, whichdedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the prioritiesof the dedicated partitions and pools. In the example of FIG. 7,however, dedicated partition (103) has priority=1; dedicated partition(104) has priority=2; pool (404) has priority=4; and pool (408) haspriority=3. Pool (404) therefore is the dedicated partition or poolhaving the lowest priority among the priorities of the dedicatedpartitions and pools, and it is therefore from the physical processorsassigned to pool (404) that a replacement processor is to be taken, inthis example, replacement processor (160).

In the method of FIG. 7, where the dedicated partition or pool havingthe lowest priority is pool (404), replacing (318) the failing physicalprocessor (156) with a replacement physical processor (160) assigned toa dedicated partition or pool having the lowest priority includesrunning (702) the pool having the lowest priority overcommitted, thatis, running pool (404) overcommitted.

Running a pool overcommitted means that the processing capacityrepresented by virtual processors of the pool is greater than the numberof physical processors assigned to the pool. Hypervisor (184) runs apool overcommitted by reducing proportionately the amount of time inwhich each virtual processor is dispatched. When pool (104) is runovercommitted, instead of dispatching the virtual processors (124, 126,128, 130) of the pool so as to provide the processing capacity of 1.25processors to shared processor partition (105) and the processingcapacity of 1.75 processors to shared processor partition (106),hypervisor (184) now may dispatch one-third less processing capacity toeach shared processor partition (105, 106), meaning that each virtualprocessor of the pool will appear to the operating systems in partitions(105, 106) to be running at about two-thirds the speed at which theyshould be running. When running overcommitted, therefore, pool (404)will not provide the performance indicated by the amount of processingcapacity nominally represented by the virtual processors of the pool;the operating system and application programs in the partitionssupported by the pool will run with degraded performance. The operatingsystem and application programs in the partitions supported by a poolrunning overcommitted will, however, continue to run, which in manycircumstances is preferable to termination.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described largely inthe context of a fully functional computer system for replacing afailing physical processor. Readers of skill in the art will recognize,however, that the present invention also may be embodied in a computerprogram product disposed on signal bearing media for use with anysuitable data processing system. Such signal bearing media may betransmission media or recordable media for machine-readable information,including magnetic media, optical media, or other suitable media.Examples of recordable media include magnetic disks in hard drives ordiskettes, compact disks for optical drives, magnetic tape, and othersas will occur to those of skill in the art. Examples of transmissionmedia include telephone networks for voice communications and digitaldata communications networks such as, for example, Ethernets™ andnetworks that communicate with the Internet Protocol and the World WideWeb. Persons skilled in the art will immediately recognize that anycomputer system having suitable programming means will be capable ofexecuting the steps of the method of the invention as embodied in aprogram product. Persons skilled in the art will recognize immediatelythat, although some of the exemplary embodiments described in thisspecification are oriented to software installed and executing oncomputer hardware, nevertheless, alternative embodiments implemented asfirmware or as hardware are well within the scope of the presentinvention.

It will be understood from the foregoing description that modificationsand changes may be made in various embodiments of the present inventionwithout departing from its true spirit. The descriptions in thisspecification are for purposes of illustration only and are not to beconstrued in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention islimited only by the language of the following claims.

1. An apparatus for replacing a failing physical processor, theapparatus supporting multiple logical partitions, the logical partitionsincluding dedicated partitions and shared processor partitions, thededicated partitions supported by virtual processors having assignedphysical computer processors, the shared processor partitions supportedby pools of virtual processors, the pools having assigned physicalcomputer processors, a computer memory operatively coupled to thephysical computer processors, the computer memory having disposed withinit computer program instructions capable of: assigning priorities to thededicated partitions and to the pools of virtual processors: detecting acheckstop of a failing processor: retrieving the failing physicalprocessor's state; replacing by a hypervisor the failing physicalprocessor with a replacement physical processor assigned to a dedicatedpartition or pool, which dedicated partition or pool has the lowestpriority among the priorities of the dedicated partitions and pools,wherein the dedicated partition or pool having the lowest priority is adedicated partition, and replacing the failing physical processorincludes terminating the dedicated partition having the lowest priority;and assigning the retrieved state of the failing physical processor asthe state of the replacement physical processor.
 2. An apparatus forreplacing a failing physical processor, the apparatus supportingmultiple logical partitions, the logical partitions including dedicatedpartitions and shared processor partitions, the dedicated partitionssupported by virtual processors having assigned physical computerprocessors, the shared processor partitions supported by pools ofvirtual processors, the pools having assigned physical computerprocessors, a computer memory operatively coupled to the physicalcomputer processors, the computer memory having disposed within itcomputer program instructions capable of: assigning priorities to thededicated partitions and to the pools of virtual processors: detecting acheckstop of a failing processor: retrieving the failing physicalprocessor's state; replacing by a hypervisor the failing physicalprocessor with a replacement physical processor assigned to a dedicatedpartition or pool, which dedicated partition or pool has the lowestpriority among the priorities of the dedicated partitions and pools,wherein the dedicated partition or pool having the lowest priority is adedicated partition, and replacing the failing physical processorincludes running the dedicated partition having the lowest priorityovercommitted; and assigning the retrieved state of the failing physicalprocessor as the state of the replacement physical processor.
 3. Anapparatus for replacing a failing physical processor, the apparatussupporting multiple logical partitions, the logical partitions includingdedicated partitions and shared processor partitions, the dedicatedpartitions supported by virtual processors having assigned physicalcomputer processors, the shared processor partitions supported by poolsof virtual processors, the pools having assigned physical computerprocessors, a computer memory operatively coupled to the physicalcomputer processors, the computer memory having disposed within itcomputer program instructions capable of: assigning priorities to thededicated partitions and to the pools of virtual processors: detecting acheckstop of a failing processor: retrieving the failing physicalprocessor's state; replacing by a hypervisor the failing physicalprocessor with a replacement physical processor assigned to a dedicatedpartition or pool, which dedicated partition or pool has the lowestpriority among the priorities of the dedicated partitions and pools,wherein the dedicated partition or pool having the lowest priority is apool, and replacing the failing physical processor includes terminatingthe pool having the lowest priority; and assigning the retrieved stateof the failing physical processor as the state of the replacementphysical processor.
 4. An apparatus for replacing a failing physicalprocessor, the apparatus supporting multiple logical partitions, thelogical partitions including dedicated partitions and shared processorpartitions, the dedicated partitions supported by virtual processorshaving assigned physical computer processors, the shared processorpartitions supported by pools of virtual processors, the pools havingassigned physical computer processors, a computer memory operativelycoupled to the physical computer processors, the computer memory havingdisposed within it computer program instructions capable of: assigningpriorities to the dedicated partitions and to the pools of virtualprocessors: detecting a checkstop of a failing processor: retrieving thefailing physical processor's state; replacing by a hypervisor thefailing physical processor with a replacement physical processorassigned to a dedicated partition or pool, which dedicated partition orpool has the lowest priority among the priorities of the dedicatedpartitions and pools, wherein the dedicated partition or pool having thelowest priority is a pool, and replacing the failing physical processorincludes running the pool having the lowest priority overcommitted; andassigning the retrieved state of the failing physical processor as thestate of the replacement physical processor.
 5. A computer programproduct replacing a failing physical processor in a computer supportingmultiple logical partitions, the logical partitions including dedicatedpartitions and shared processor partitions, the dedicated partitionssupported by virtual processors having assigned physical processors, theshared processor partitions supported by pools of virtual processors,the pools having assigned physical processors, the computer programproduct disposed upon a tangible, recordable signal bearing medium, thecomputer program product comprising computer program instructionscapable of assigning priorities to the dedicated partitions and to thepools of virtual processors: detecting a checkstop of a failingprocessor: retrieving the failing physical processor's state; replacingby a hypervisor the failing physical processor with a replacementphysical processor assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, whichdedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the prioritiesof the dedicated partitions and pools, wherein the dedicated partitionor pool having the lowest priority is a dedicated partition, andreplacing the failing physical processor includes terminating thededicated partition having the lowest priority; and assigning theretrieved state of the failing physical processor as the state of thereplacement physical processor.
 6. A computer program product replacinga failing physical processor in a computer supporting multiple logicalpartitions, the logical partitions including dedicated partitions andshared processor partitions, the dedicated partitions supported byvirtual processors having assigned physical processors, the sharedprocessor partitions supported by pools of virtual processors, the poolshaving assigned physical processors, the computer program productdisposed upon a tangible, recordable signal bearing medium, the computerprogram product comprising computer program instructions capable of:assigning priorities to the dedicated partitions and to the pools ofvirtual processors: detecting a checkstop of a failing processor:retrieving the failing physical processor's state; replacing by ahypervisor the failing physical processor with a replacement physicalprocessor assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, which dedicatedpartition or pool has the lowest priority among the priorities of thededicated partitions and pools, wherein the dedicated partition or poolhaving the lowest priority is a dedicated partition, and replacing thefailing physical processor includes running the dedicated partitionhaving the lowest priority; and assigning the retrieved state of thefailing physical processor as the state of the replacement physicalprocessor.
 7. A computer program product replacing a failing physicalprocessor in a computer supporting multiple logical partitions, thelogical partitions including dedicated partitions and shared processorpartitions, the dedicated partitions supported by virtual processorshaving assigned physical processors, the shared processor partitionssupported by pools of virtual processors, the pools having assignedphysical processors, the computer program product disposed upon atangible, recordable signal bearing medium, the computer program productcomprising computer program instructions capable of: assigningpriorities to the dedicated partitions and to the pools of virtualprocessors: detecting a checkstop of a failing processor: retrieving thefailing physical processor's state; replacing by a hypervisor thefailing physical processor with a replacement physical processorassigned to a dedicated partition or pool, which dedicated partition orpool has the lowest priority among the priorities of the dedicatedpartitions and pools, wherein the dedicated partition or pool having thelowest priority is a pool, and replacing the failing physical processorincludes terminating the pool having the lowest priority; and assigningthe retrieved state of the failing physical processor as the state ofthe replacement physical processor.
 8. A computer program productreplacing a failing physical processor in a computer supporting multiplelogical partitions, the logical partitions including dedicatedpartitions and shared processor partitions, the dedicated partitionssupported by virtual processors having assigned physical processors, theshared processor partitions supported by pools of virtual processors,the pools having assigned physical processors, the computer programproduct disposed upon a tangible, recordable signal bearing medium, thecomputer program product comprising computer program instructionscapable of: assigning priorities to the dedicated partitions and to thepools of virtual processors: detecting a checkstop of a failingprocessor: retrieving the failing physical processor's state; replacingby a hypervisor the failing physical processor with a replacementphysical processor assigned to a dedicated partition or pool, whichdedicated partition or pool has the lowest priority among the prioritiesof the dedicated partitions and pools, wherein the dedicated partitionor pool having the lowest priority is a pool, and replacing the failingphysical processor includes running the pool having the lowest priorityovercommitted; and assigning the retrieved state of the failing physicalprocessor as the state of the replacement physical processor.